Smiley

The smiley has gone through many incarnations over the years, but it consistently retains the same features like eyes, a mouth and occasionally a nose. ("Kolobok" type)

The smiley, smiley face, or happy face (☺), is a stylized representation of a smiling human face, commonly represented as a yellow circle (or sphere) with two dots representing eyes and a half circle representing the mouth. “Smiley” is also sometimes used as a generic term for any emoticon.

Origin

The very earliest known examples of the graphic are attributed to Harvey Ball, a commercial artist in Worcester, Massachusetts. He devised the face in 1963 for an insurance firm that wanted an internal campaign to improve employee morale.^[1][2] Ball never attempted to use, promote or trademark the image; it fell into the public domain in the United States before that could be accomplished.^[3] As a result, Ball never made any profit for the iconic image beyond his initial $45 fee.

David Stern of David Stern Inc., a Seattle-based advertising agency also claimed to have created the smiley. Stern reportedly developed his version in 1967 as part of an ad campaign for Washington Mutual, but says he did not think to trademark it.^[4]

Popularization

The graphic was popularized in the early 1970s by Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon it in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar). It can show many different emotions.

In the UK the smiley is largely associated with the acid house dance music culture that emerged during the second summer of love in the late 1980s, often used as engraved logos on ecstasy tablets at the time.^[5] The association was cemented when the band Bomb The Bass used an extracted, blood-splattered smiley from the graphic novel Watchmen by Alan Moore, on the centre of their Beat Dis hit single.

Licensing and legal issues

Smiley has been a registered trademark in some countries since 1971 when English businessman Franklin Loufrani created "Smiley World" to sell and license the smiley face image in the United Kingdom and Europe. The Smiley name and logo is registered and used in over 100 countries for 25 classes of goods and services.

In 1999, Ball formed World Smile Corporation and began licensing the smiley face to fund his charitable causes. Profits are distributed to charities through the Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation, which also sponsors the annual World Smile Day Ball started in 1999 to encourage "acts of kindness".^[6]

In 2006 Wal-Mart, which prominently featured a smiley in its "Rolling Back Prices" campaign, sought to trademark the smiley face in the United States, coming into legal conflict with Loufrani and SmileyWorld over the matter.^[7][8] In 2006 Wal-mart began to phase out the smiley face on its vests^[9] and its website. ^[10] During a trademark infringement case against an online parodist, Wal-Mart again tried to claim it held the trademark rights to the yellow smiley face. The judge disagreed and in March 2008 Wal-Mart lost the case with the judge saying that Wal-Mart had no rights to the smiley face.^[11]

Internet use

The smiley has become an essential part of Internet culture, with animated GIF and other image representations, as well as the ubiquitous text-based emoticon, " :-) ". The smiley has been used for the printable version of characters 1 and 2 (one "black", the other "white") on the default font on the IBM PC and successor compatible machines. In modern times, all versions of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95^[12] were able to display the smiley since it is part of the Windows Glyph List (though not all fonts include the character and not all programs were Unicode-compliant).^[13]

The Wingdings font also includes a smiley:
Smileys and emoticons are often used on Internet forums.

Typographical smileys

The satrirical U.S. magazine Puck presented these typographical emoticons on March 30, 1881.

Main article: Emoticon

Many typographical representations of smiley faces have been developed over the years. Some feature non-smiling expressions or other elaborations. They come in two main varieties, those meant to be viewed sideways, and those meant to be seen upright.

The two original text smileys, :-) to indicate a joke and :-( to mark things that are not a joke were invented on September 19, 1982 by Scott E. Fahlman, a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Computer Science. His original post at the CMU CS general board, where he suggested the use of the smileys, was retrieved on September 10, 2002 by Jeff Baird from an October 1982 backup tape of the spice vax (cmu-750x) as proof to support the claim.^[14]

More recently, small, in-line graphical images of smileys and other faces have become popular, especially on forums:

The reverse, or left-handed, smileys (-: have also gained popularity for being a way to avoid having text smileys converted to graphical representations in certain settings such as instant messaging programs.

See also

References

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